Explain Externalities and Public Gods

With the aid of examples explain the terms: i) Externality ii) Public Good Externality Externalities, or transaction  spillovers, arise when a third party who is not involved in the consumption of a product incur certain costs and benefits that are not compensated for by the generators of those externalities. They exist due to the price system’s (The Invisible Hand) inability to deal with products that have no market or price, such as clean air, peace, quiet, pollution and more. In a broader sense, externalities involve interdependence of utility due to the fact that one person’s action will affect the welfare of another.Externalities can be classified into two types: positive externalities and negative externalities. Positive externalities exist when an externality-generating activity raises the production or utility of the third party receiving these externalities. These economic activities provide incidental benefits to others for whom they aren’t specifical ly intended. Negative externalities exist when an externality-generating activity decreases the production or utility of the third party receiving these externalities.These economic activities impose a cost onto others for whom they aren’t specifically intended. The undesirable effects on the allocation of resources by an externality can be explained by using the concept of Marginal Social Cost (MSC). In Economics, the MSC is defined as the sum of Marginal Private Cost (MPC), the marginal cost caused by an activity that is compensated for by the generators, and Marginal External Cost, which is the share of external effects borne by the rest. When a firm’s activities generate negative externalities, its MSC is greater than its MPC.In equilibrium, the Marginal Private Benefit (MPB) will be equal to the firm’s MPC, and hence the MPB < MSC. Hence, the final output for the consumer yields less to the society than what it costs to society. Thus, it can be deduced that production is inefficient and that these externalities can be reduced if the production of that particular product is reduced. For example, the construction of roads to facilitate the transport of goods for a factory that produces staplers will benefit residents in that area because they now have greater road accessibility.This is said to be the positive externality arising from this economic activity. On the flip side, this same factory that instigated the construction of roads may discharge a toxic amount of by-products such as soot and toxins into the air and rivers, hence greatly reducing the quality of air and water in that area. This is because factory owners wish to maximize profits and hence will only take into account their MPC and ignore the wider social costs of their activities – MSC will be greater than MPC.In conclusion, it can be said that when positive externalities exist, the MSB > MPB, and when negative externalities exist, the MSC > MPC. Public Good In eco nomic theory, a good is a tangible or intangible item that gives utility to people when consumed. Goods can be classified into free and economic goods. The former entails no opportunity cost to the consumer, meaning that no one is made worse off by the consumption of a free good. Examples are desert sand, air and seawater. An economic good, on the other hand, entails an opportunity cost.This is because some other good has to be forgone in order to produce an economic good. The root of this opportunity cost is scarcity – a situation in which unlimited human wants exceed the lack of resources that we have in order to meet that demand. Economic goods can then be further subdivided into two: public and private goods. Public goods are collectively consumed and the market may simply not supply them. Examples of public goods are such as defense of the country (a police force and army), a fire brigade, street lighting, or lighthouses. The market system does not work well in this area .One of the jobs of government, both central and local, is to supply public goods or services that are needed but otherwise would not be made available by the market. Some goods are â€Å"semi-public goods†, â€Å"quasi public goods† or â€Å"collective consumption goods†, for instance roads. These are often supplied by the state, but in principle they can be privately supplied, and sometimes are. Examples include the British Toll Roads in the Nineteenth Century or the peage motorways in France today; when you use them, you pay. In some countries, such as Thailand, the fire brigade falls in this area.People insure with a private fire brigade and call them when the house is burning. If you are not insured and you still call them, the market swings into action and they negotiate a rate on the spot for putting out the fire – given the urgency of the event, the demand by the burning house owner is highly inelastic and the price can be very high. There are two key characteristics of a public good. Firstly, public goods are non-excludable, meaning that the producer is unable to separate the non-paying consumers from the paying consumers that are benefitting from the good.As a result, the payer will eventually refuse to pay for the good too. Consequently, markets will refuse to produce public goods and this will result in a market failure. For example, if an entrepreneur stages a fireworks show, people can watch the show from their windows or backyards. Because the entrepreneur cannot charge a fee for consumption, the fireworks show may go unproduced, even if demand for the show is strong. To illustrate the public good’s inability to exclude, here’s an example: In the provision of national defense, if one citizen of defended, so are the rest of the citizens. Secondly, public goods are non-exhaustible.This means that the use of the good by one person does not reduce the amount available to others. Hence, rivalry does not exist in the consumption of this product and another consumer will incur no opportunity cost. For example, the exchange of  MP3  music files on the Internet. The use of these files by any one person does not restrict the use by anyone else and there is little effective control over the exchange of these music files and photo files. In a nutshell, public goods are economic goods that are non-excludable and non-exhaustible, and can be subdivided into public goods and â€Å"semi† public goods. Explain Externalities and Public Gods With the aid of examples explain the terms: i) Externality ii) Public Good Externality Externalities, or transaction  spillovers, arise when a third party who is not involved in the consumption of a product incur certain costs and benefits that are not compensated for by the generators of those externalities. They exist due to the price system’s (The Invisible Hand) inability to deal with products that have no market or price, such as clean air, peace, quiet, pollution and more. In a broader sense, externalities involve interdependence of utility due to the fact that one person’s action will affect the welfare of another.Externalities can be classified into two types: positive externalities and negative externalities. Positive externalities exist when an externality-generating activity raises the production or utility of the third party receiving these externalities. These economic activities provide incidental benefits to others for whom they aren’t specifical ly intended. Negative externalities exist when an externality-generating activity decreases the production or utility of the third party receiving these externalities.These economic activities impose a cost onto others for whom they aren’t specifically intended. The undesirable effects on the allocation of resources by an externality can be explained by using the concept of Marginal Social Cost (MSC). In Economics, the MSC is defined as the sum of Marginal Private Cost (MPC), the marginal cost caused by an activity that is compensated for by the generators, and Marginal External Cost, which is the share of external effects borne by the rest. When a firm’s activities generate negative externalities, its MSC is greater than its MPC.In equilibrium, the Marginal Private Benefit (MPB) will be equal to the firm’s MPC, and hence the MPB < MSC. Hence, the final output for the consumer yields less to the society than what it costs to society. Thus, it can be deduced that production is inefficient and that these externalities can be reduced if the production of that particular product is reduced. For example, the construction of roads to facilitate the transport of goods for a factory that produces staplers will benefit residents in that area because they now have greater road accessibility.This is said to be the positive externality arising from this economic activity. On the flip side, this same factory that instigated the construction of roads may discharge a toxic amount of by-products such as soot and toxins into the air and rivers, hence greatly reducing the quality of air and water in that area. This is because factory owners wish to maximize profits and hence will only take into account their MPC and ignore the wider social costs of their activities – MSC will be greater than MPC.In conclusion, it can be said that when positive externalities exist, the MSB > MPB, and when negative externalities exist, the MSC > MPC. Public Good In eco nomic theory, a good is a tangible or intangible item that gives utility to people when consumed. Goods can be classified into free and economic goods. The former entails no opportunity cost to the consumer, meaning that no one is made worse off by the consumption of a free good. Examples are desert sand, air and seawater. An economic good, on the other hand, entails an opportunity cost.This is because some other good has to be forgone in order to produce an economic good. The root of this opportunity cost is scarcity – a situation in which unlimited human wants exceed the lack of resources that we have in order to meet that demand. Economic goods can then be further subdivided into two: public and private goods. Public goods are collectively consumed and the market may simply not supply them. Examples of public goods are such as defense of the country (a police force and army), a fire brigade, street lighting, or lighthouses. The market system does not work well in this area .One of the jobs of government, both central and local, is to supply public goods or services that are needed but otherwise would not be made available by the market. Some goods are â€Å"semi-public goods†, â€Å"quasi public goods† or â€Å"collective consumption goods†, for instance roads. These are often supplied by the state, but in principle they can be privately supplied, and sometimes are. Examples include the British Toll Roads in the Nineteenth Century or the peage motorways in France today; when you use them, you pay. In some countries, such as Thailand, the fire brigade falls in this area.People insure with a private fire brigade and call them when the house is burning. If you are not insured and you still call them, the market swings into action and they negotiate a rate on the spot for putting out the fire – given the urgency of the event, the demand by the burning house owner is highly inelastic and the price can be very high. There are two key characteristics of a public good. Firstly, public goods are non-excludable, meaning that the producer is unable to separate the non-paying consumers from the paying consumers that are benefitting from the good.As a result, the payer will eventually refuse to pay for the good too. Consequently, markets will refuse to produce public goods and this will result in a market failure. For example, if an entrepreneur stages a fireworks show, people can watch the show from their windows or backyards. Because the entrepreneur cannot charge a fee for consumption, the fireworks show may go unproduced, even if demand for the show is strong. To illustrate the public good’s inability to exclude, here’s an example: In the provision of national defense, if one citizen of defended, so are the rest of the citizens. Secondly, public goods are non-exhaustible.This means that the use of the good by one person does not reduce the amount available to others. Hence, rivalry does not exist in the consumption of this product and another consumer will incur no opportunity cost. For example, the exchange of  MP3  music files on the Internet. The use of these files by any one person does not restrict the use by anyone else and there is little effective control over the exchange of these music files and photo files. In a nutshell, public goods are economic goods that are non-excludable and non-exhaustible, and can be subdivided into public goods and â€Å"semi† public goods.

Bounty Paper Towel Add

Bounty, the quick picker upper! When we see a commercial on our T. V. screens today, we always see in print or hear the narrator telling us that their product or the service they are promoting to us is one of the best of its kind. They use all types of appeals and techniques to reel us in, making whatever they are trying to sell to us either pretty, shiny, worth-buying, or they use bold simple states telling us things such as, â€Å"Once you get it, you won’t be able to live without it. By using these statements and methods of gaining viewers, the ad or commercial gains what it truly aspired for; attention and the need and/or desire to buy the product. In the ad â€Å"Bounty Big Spills† the bold statement and exaggerated visuals are created to intrigue the consumer to buy a useful household item. Rhetorical devices can be used in multiple ways and they can be represented to us in many different forms. In advertisements, the most blatant rhetorical language is shown thr ough the element of visual rhetorical devices and figures.In the ad for â€Å"Bounty Big Spills† paper towels, we can closely analyze the main devices the author/creator uses to appeal to the audience. First off, the hyperbole is the overall device used to appeal to us; it designates a relatable incident of society and family issues in our mind but by maximizing the paper towels to the largest potential, which brings about the easy use and reliability of it. In the ad by â€Å"Bounty† there displays a large scaled coffee cup that has spilled and clearly needs some kind of cleanup.When looked at more closely, you notice a just as gigantic pack of â€Å"Bounty Paper Towels† next to the spill, indicating that the towels are big enough to handle any mess. Big or small. The motto â€Å"Makes small work of BIG spills† is displayed on the paper towels and presents the message to the audience that even the biggest Popsicle or coffee mess is no trouble for a sheet of paper towels by â€Å"Bounty†. It presents this through immense exaggerations of messes that would usually be scaled minimally rather than to the max.It also uses relatable visuals of coffee cups, popsicles, and a familiar New York and Los Angeles setting to relate to the audience and the nature of messes and society. The mix of visuals and hyperboles reminds the reader/audience that the product is grand, extremely effective, and better than anything out there. Paper towels aren’t grand in any aspect, but they do have effectiveness in clean up that most mothers/dads/parents love to see and through this ad, feel that the messes shown are no match for Bounty.When considering the intended obvious for this ad, it was difficult to narrow down the select group that the author is trying to adhere to. However, when closely observing the ad, it’s evident that moms, dads, parents in general, and on-the-go working people is the intended audience for this advertisement. This is because the visual image shows a Popsicle, which helps relate to a child’s mess throughout the day. By relating the Popsicle mess to that of a young child’s mess, the ad did a profound job of connecting the two, thus presenting an argument that even the biggest Popsicle dropped by a child is no match for Bounty.On the other hand, a â€Å"Starbucks† coffee cup is also portrayed as one of the messes, making the working class or on-the-go parents, an audience as well. Because of this representation of the on-the-go folk, Bounty broadened its audience level and appealed to more consumers. Some ads are made to send a direct message to their intended audience. As paper towel ads go, there are more explicit or direct messages that state â€Å"This paper towel can clean up any spills! † On the other hand, Bounty’s use of implicit and explicit messages conveys a sense of established creditability with the audience.The most obviously demonstrated an d expressed message of â€Å"Makes small work of BIG spills† contradicts the implicit message that sure, it makes small work of big spills, but paper waste adds pollution to our population versus using cloth towels. The hidden message of complication within our society falls short of the intended message; however, the pollution factor has to be taken into consideration before buying such a fast and easy acting product. Sure, for some, that message would never be brought to light making the decision to buy Bounty, a no brainer.But for some, that might be the deciding factor in whether or not they purchase it. Bounty paper towels have been commonly known to pick up messes. However, when the hyperboles and enlarged items are shown in this way, it makes it seem like the brand is now bigger and better than ever. Designed with children and parents in mind, the author uses logical appeals of â€Å"big messes† to appeal to the intended audience. He does this in a way that sets the audience up for an ultimatum.You choices are to either buy the paper towels or have a 14 foot Popsicle on the floor in your kitchen. The answer is obvious here. By alluring the audience through definitive logic, the author implies that without â€Å"Bounty†, you will have messes galore. The display of two oversized items defends his implication. Bounty does an exceptional job of achieving their audience and their positive reaction. Despite the fact that the pollution factor might be an issue to a select few folks, Bounty’s message would nonetheless receive a positive and controlled response.Though there are other brands of paper towels, â€Å"Bounty’s† creation of a special advertisement that enhances their product to make it seem larger and better quality than any other pursues the intended reaction of â€Å"I need to buy this! † They create this reaction through hyperboles and implicit messages that suggest that even a 14 foot coffee spill c an be cleaned up with a simple paper towel. Works Cited Bounty Paper Towels, Bounty. Advertisement. 4 April 2009. 1. Print

Response for Was Sumerian Civilization Exclusively Male Dominated Essay

Response for Was Sumerian Civilization Exclusively Male Dominated - Essay Example The Sumerian Pantheon and theology were primarily populated and controlled by male deities like An, Enlil and Enki (Starr, 1965). The important Sumerian epic Gilgamesh has a male as its central character (Starr, 1965). In the Sumerian social hierarchy, the leading priestly class was male dominated (Starr, 1965). In contrast, Kramer presents Sumerian history and cosmology as an arena impregnated by both the male and female influences, in which the feminine element does hold its sway. The inscriptions of King Urukagina do prove that in the early Sumerian society, women did wield power in the Sumerian political and religious life (Kramer, 1976). Many important high priestesses like Enheduanna were esteemed for the political and literary contributions made by them (Kramer, 1976). The Sumerian Pantheon comprised of influential and powerful goddesses like Ninhursag and Inanna (Kramer, 1976). The position evinced by Kramer is more agreeable as it takes into consideration the larger body of the available historical and literary evidence, to elaborate on the position of women in the Sumerian society. This position is supported by Henk Dijkstra. As per him, women did command much power in the Sumerian legal system (Dijkstra, 1996, p. 241). K Ann Pyburn also mentions the important role played by women in the Sumerian political hierarchy (Pyburn, 2004, p. 34). As per Pyburn, the feminine element is distinctly visible in the Sumerian political history and

Internal and External Environmental Analysis - Barnes and Nobles Essay

Internal and External Environmental Analysis - Barnes and Nobles - Essay Example Barnes and Nobles are the industry leader in the book industry. Being the market leader in any industry is considered a strength due to the fact that the market leader generates the most amounts of revenues. The firm has been very innovative throughout its history including becoming the first bookstore to advertise on television. At the turn of the 21st century, Barnes and Nobles realized that e-commerce was a major trend that affected everyone in the retail industry. The firm today is the internet’s largest bookstore with a product selection of over 1 million titles. Two years ago the company also became a leader in e-books with over 1 million e-books to choose from. The management of the firm is highly qualified and over the years they have made a lot of smart decisions that have helped the firm become the best in the industry. The product selection in both the e-books and printed books is beyond what any other company can provide. The dominance in the e-book marketplace was achieved through the 2009 acquisition of Fictionwise. The tremendous selection of books has helped the company retain a lot of customers because the firm can satisfy the customer’s reading needs. Another strength of the company is its branding value. The firm was able to capitalize on its ability to generate customer traffic by diversifying into other products. The firm offers its customers a selection of over 60,000 blue ray DVD titles. The firm’s music store was categorized as the best on the net by Forbes.... The firm has been very innovative throughout its history including becoming the first book store to advertise on television. At the turn of the 21st century Barnes and Nobles realized that ecommerce was a major trend that affected everyone in the retail industry. The firm today is the internet’s largest bookstore with a product selection of over 1 million titles. Two years ago the company also became leader in e-books with over 1 million e-books to choose from. The management of the firm is highly qualified and over the years they have made a lot of smart decisions that have helped the firm become the best in the industry. The product selection in both the e-books and printed books is beyond what any other company can provide. The dominance in the e-book marketplace was achieved through the 2009 acquisition of Fictionwise (Barnesandnoblesinc, 2011). The tremendous selection of books has helped the company retain a lot of customers because the firm can satisfy the customer†™s reading needs. Another strength of the company is its branding value. The firm was able to capitalize on its ability to generate customer traffic by diversifying into other products. The firm offers its customers a selection of over 60,000 blue ray DVD titles. The firm’s music store was categorized as the best on the net by Forbes (Barnesandnoble, 2011). The location of the firm’s bookstores is another strength the company has. Barnes and Nobles operates 705 retail bookstores strategically located in regional shopping malls, major strip centers and other freestanding location, and the firm also owns 636 college bookstore placed near major university campuses (Barnesandnobleinc, 2011). One of the strengths of the college book operation is

Global Warming and Water Shortage Research Paper

Global Warming and Water Shortage - Research Paper Example The author of the paper states that the hydrology of all the major river basins all across the world are likely to be affected and changed by the warming process as well (Postel, 1999). Therefore, the fresh water supply of the world is very likely to be affected through altered precipitation patterns or hydrological systems. As a result, the possibility of fresh water supplies being affected adversely as a direct consequence of global warming emerges. Though there are critics who attribute likely global water supply shortages to more significant anthropogenic causes rather than global warming (see Golkany, 2003), the present essay shall consider global warming as a source of fresh water depletion as, though such anthropogenic causes may be significant in the short run, in the long run, climate changes are likely to have greater impacts. Thus, the implications of global water supply shortages for the future generations shall be explored assuming that they will be significantly contrib uted to by global warming. In what follows, we first briefly look into the present global water supply situation. The analysis of the implications of the further depletion of the present stock predicted for the generations to come is explored. On the basis of this, we then attempt to identify the true nature and the extent of the severity of the problem before attempting to discuss the possibility of prevention and finally concluding.

Compare and contrast standard Expected Utility theory and Prospect Essay

Compare and contrast standard Expected Utility theory and Prospect theory - Essay Example Standard expected utility theory represents preference over risky objects, by weighted average of utility assigned to each possible outcome, where the weights are the probability of each outcome (Expected Utility Theory, 2008). This theory analyses all the risk factors before taking decisions. For example, investments in share markets may yield a good return or a big loss. But investments in term deposits may guarantee a fixed return. Thus many of the investors opt for the investments in term deposits in order to avoid risks in investing in share markets. Prospect theory on the other hand analyses decisions among alternatives which involve risks. â€Å"Under prospect theory, value is assigned to gains and losses rather than to final assets; also probabilities are replaced by decision weights† (Prospect Theory, n. d). For example, investments in share market and mutual funds involve risks. But compared to share market investment, mutual fund investment are safer. Prospect theor y thus helps people to take proper decisions among the risky alternatives available. This paper compares and contrast Standard expected utility theory and prospect theory. Sebora (1995) has mentioned that expected utility theory suggests that choices should be made by weighing the outcomes (gains or losses) of actions by their probabilities and the alternative which has the maximum utility should be selected. Prospect theory, on the other hand, indicates that, decision makers prefer to simplify their choices cognitively whenever possible, satisfying rather than maximizing (Sebora, 1995, p.4). Gain or losses is given more emphasise in expected utility theory. Big gains expected with high risks will be given least preferences compared to small gains with least risks according to the expected utility theory. For example, consider a person with the choices of getting an excellent salaried job with high risk and a moderately salaried job with low

M, a 72 year-old widow with neprohritic syndrome Assignment

M, a 72 year-old widow with neprohritic syndrome - Assignment Example Multiple substances such as, water, urea, creatinine, uremic toxins, and drugs move from the blood into the dialysate, thus facilitating removal from the blood. Solutes are transported across the membrane by either passive diffusion or ultrafiltration. M also received 7 sessions of Plasma Exchange. Plasma Exchange is a procedure in which blood is separated into different parts: red cells, white cell, platelets and plasma. The plasma is removed from the blood and a plasma substitute replaced. M had chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is the treatment which uses anti-cancer drugs to kill cancer (Myeloma) cells. Myeloma is the cancer that affects cells in the bone marrow called plasma cells leading to damage to the kidney. Haemodialysis and Plasma Exchange will correct M's blood chemistry and therefore relieve her present symptoms. M is hypertensive due to fluid overload or as a result of the failure of the kidneys. The Management of M's hypertension will have the highest priority. As Redmond and McClelland (2006) noted prompt recognition and treatment of hypertension are essential because cardiovascular disease including coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, stroke and left ventricular hypertrophy are the most common cause of death in patients with kidney disease. Risk reduction measures to prevent cardiovascular disease may delay the progression of kidney disease (in ARF or is the effect here Reno protective). ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are the drug of choice (Thomas 2004); however deterioration in renal function may follow initiation of treatment with these medications (DOH 2005, BNF 2006). Since hypertension can have deleterious effects on both cardiovascular and kidney functions, the long-term protection provided by ACE inhibitors (or ARBs) out weighs the risk they pose (Th omas 2004) (this is for ERF is it the same for ARF - CHECK). Because acute renal failure is a catabolic state, the patient can become nutritionally deficient. Total caloric intake should be 30 to 45 kcal (126 to 189 kJ) per kg per day, most of which should come from a combination of carbohydrates and lipids. In patients who are not receiving dialysis, protein intake should be restricted to 0.6 g per kg per day. Patients who are receiving dialysis should have a protein intake of 1 to 1.5 g per kg per day (Agrawal 2000). Hyperphosphatemia The patient has hyperphosphatemia. Phosphate is normally excreted by the kidney and phosphate retention and hyperphosphatemia may occur in ARF. Phosphate - binding agents may be used to retain phosphate ion in the gut. The most common agent is calcicihew, although M is on this drug she needs education on when to take the tablets or maybe increase the dosage. Uremia Caloric intake shou

Individual summary report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Individual summary report - Essay Example The research also revealed that there was a robust demand for sweets in the university, chocolates being the most preferred item, followed by hard-boiled sweets. More imporatantly, majority of the respondents said that they would visit a sweet shop weekly, followed by x% who said they would visit daily! The average consumer expenditure on sweets was determined to be between one and five pounds. Therefore, the market seems to be buoyant and MM would like to cash in on the prevailing demand and the consumer’s willingness to spend. A set of well-defined objectives is paramount for any organistion, irrespective of the scale of operations.Oraganizational and individual objectives must be integrated, and endeavored to be accomplished within a finite time. Clearly spelled objectives, enable devising of appropriate means for the realization of those ends. Thus, strategies and policies can be formulated accordingly. Offering quality products and good customer service are the inherent goals of any organization. It ensures sustainability for a business, and helps in winning consumer’s confidence and brand loyalty. Enhancement of individual experience is also stated, thereby integrating personal and organizational goals. Improving profitability is the most important aspect of any corporate activity. It is an economic index to measure success. However here it is also proposed that how the profit shall be used, ie; charity.Keeping in mind the above objectives, the mission statement was made: â€Å"We endeavor to offer best possible range of confectionary to our consumers conducive to the creation of lasting memories and magic moments.† An analysis of this statement reveals the overriding importance given to consumers and giving them not only quality products but memorable experience as well. Key competitors for Magic Moments are the Students Shop on

Tight Binding method for carbon nanotubes Essay

Tight Binding method for carbon nanotubes - Essay Example Carbon nanotubes are long, thin cylinders of carbon and have a very broad range of electronic, thermal, and structural properties that change depending on the different kinds of nanotube. The chiral vector of the nanotube, B'= nR1 + mR2 where R1 and R2 are unit vectors in the two-dimensional hexagonal lattice, and n and m are integers. Another important parameter is the chiral angle, which is the angle between Band R1. Diameter D = a3 (n2 + nm + m2)/ p ,Where, ac is the distance between neighboring carbon atoms in the flat sheet. The different values of n and m lead to different types of nanotube. They are armchair, zigzag and chiral nanotubes. Armchair nanotubes are formed when n = m and the chiral angle is 30. Zigzag nanotubes are formed when either n =0 or m==0 and the chiral angle is 0. Other nanotubes, with chiral angles between 0 and 30, are known as chiral nanotubes. The properties of nanotubes are determined by their diameter and chiral angle, both of which depend on n and m. The electronic characteristics of the nanotubes have been done by numerical band structure, the structure of the chemical bonds. is given by the local spatial structure of the orbital. The electronic structure of the nanotube fragments are calculated by SCF-MO-LCAOVmethods. In this method, only valence electrons are taken into account and the three- and four-center integrals are omitted and the repulsion of lone electron pairs can be explained. The SCF convergence criterion was 10-8for total-energy changes and 10-5 for charge-density changes between two subsequent cycles. Band structure calculations of [n, 0] (n = 6, 7, 8, 9)tubes were performed using the tight-binding Hamiltonian, with a universal set of first and second nearest-neighbor hopping integrals that reproduce various carbon structures, including graphite. The 2s, 2px, 2py, 2pz, and s* orbital of each carbon atom are used as the basis set for expressing the tight binding model. The Hamiltonian matrix elements and related parameters are obtained by adjusting the model to fit photoemission band-structure data. The (6, 0) carbon tube seems to have the lowest diameter and are thermodynamically unstable. The bonds at the ends of the nanotube fragments get saturated by hydrogen atoms. The structural unit of the tube is the distorted carbon hexagon. All c-c bonds were assumed to be of the same length: 1.4 . Page 3 The distance between third-neighbor carbon atoms along the tube circumference is 2.39 . The point group symmetry of the (6, 0) nanotube fragment is determined by the number N of carbon hexagons along the tube axis. There is a difference between heat of formation of the nanotube fragments, caused by the boundary atoms affect, strongly at the central part of the nanotube fragment. In the above Figure, the dispersion curves of the (n, 0) tubes with n = 6... 11 are shown. This tube family splits into three groups. The (3n, 0) tubes have vanishing energy gaps. The gap increases in (3n + 1, 0) and in (3n + 2, 0) tubes. Consequently, (6, 0) and (9, 0) tubes will likely show metallic conductivity, similar to graph. In graphite, orbital are represented in carbon nanotubes, the radial orbital are analogous to the lone orbital of graphite .This changes the character of the frontier orbital

BP touts itself as green article, about the BP oil spill in 2010 Article

BP touts itself as green , about the BP oil spill in 2010 - Article Example While BP appears to be the sole responsible entity to the accident, involved negligence in activities that led to the spill identify liabilities to many parties. The contractor company that was responsible for operations at the time of the blast was for example an independent contractor. Similarly, federal supervisors who ought to have detected any form of negligence towards liability approved the operations that preceded the blast. BP however exercised significant control over its contractor. Four parties therefore played a role into the blast that culminated into the oil spill. BP played a role as the owner of the site, â€Å"Transocean and Halliburton† who were the managers of the sight and the federal regulators who had the authority to supervise the operations at the sight (BBC, P. 1). Negligence on all the parties was therefore a major set of events towards the accident. This is because the design that was used at the well’s base for sealing was inappropriate for the applied type of cement. Similarly, preliminary tests were done on the structure and flaws detected, but were misjudged for success. There were also signs of explosion but the workers failed to identify the signs that could have been used to establish preventive measures (BBC, P. 1). The events after the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico were widely reported by the media together with investigation based documentary and reports from inquiries.

Slumdog Millionare Essay Example for Free

Slumdog Millionare Essay In the late 1800’s there lived well-known Hindu monk by the name of Swami Vivekananda. It was his reputation to be wise and many people looked to him for guidance. One of his most famous quotes states, â€Å"the great secret of true success, of true happiness, is this: the man or woman who asks for no return, the perfectly unselfish person, is the most successful. † This statement is one that can have many different meanings to different people. One may find that this quote is enough to bridge the gap between the western mindset and a fundamental ideology of a belief found amongst the people residing in India. In some senses there can be made a correlation between Vivekananda’s quote and a boy who plays the main character named Jamal, in the 2008 film â€Å"Slumdog Millionaire† directed by Danny Boyle. Jamal’s story of success can be related to Vivekananda’s quote as well as the topics discussed in class through many ways. A few of these ways include the belief of karma, dharma, and oneness. It is arguable that Vivekananda is discussing the idea of both karma and dharma in his quote. Jamal follows his dharma throughout the film by being a good brother to Saliam to spite some of the wicked ways his brother has treated him growing up. He is also following his dharma by caring for Latika even though situations are not always ideal for the couple. Jamal’s ridged childhood has scared him emotionally, but he managed to make a negative into a positive. Jamal learns, grows, and develops an optimistic outlook on life trying to make the best of what he had given his situation. Even when Jamal’s situation was worsened by external forces in addition to internal conflict he did not allow negativity to stand in the way of what he knew was right and wrong. Through following his moral compass Jamal followed his dharma. Following his dharma had a definite influence on Jamal’s karma. Throughout the film. Jamal does good things because he knew that they were the right thing to do, and not because he is trying to get anything in return. One example of an act of good karma belonging to Jamal might be said to be the first time that he helped friend Latika. Through comforting her after the loss of her parents, looking out for her as â€Å"the third musketeer† and sheltering her in the rain he was incurring good karma. In addition to the goodness of Jamal’s actions that radiate through the theme of the film, Jamal exemplifies truly trying to achieve oneness. Jamal’s innocence as a child and his selflessness as an adult are just two things that truly helped him to achieve oneness. It might even be said that after the film was viewed one can make the assumption that oneness was achieved for Jamal at the end. Once the couple reunites after being torn apart many times through their lives it might be said that when the couple finally walks into their future together there is a notable sense of harmony that can be observed. Conclusively, the film â€Å"Slumdog Millionaire† it is arguable that the main character Jamal achieves oneness, inherits good karma through his actions, and truly strives to do good therefore having a positive effect on his dharma. Jamal can even be said to have reached true success according to Vivekananda’s quote. This is true not because he has made it so far in the game show, but rather because he has found happiness by being an unselfish person and asking for nothing in return for his good deeds.

Why Plan Human Resources Carters Supermarkets Business Essay

Why Plan Human Resources Carters Supermarkets Business Essay Considering the plan of an expansion of Carters Supermarkets, and the fact that the company will have to deal with greater number of staff, we, Alex and Jennifer Carter, intend to highlight the importance and to put forward our ideas about human resource planning and human resource policies in our organisation. Why to plan human resources? Since our organisation is at a stage of business expansion through opening 3 new supermarkets, four times bigger than existing ones, and with new specialist departments, it is obvious that we have a demand for new staff to meet the organisations objectives. Therefore, human resource planning (HRP) will help us to analyse and identify how many new people we require, when we need them, what range of skills we expect them to have, are these people available on the labour market or we need to train them to achieve our objectives. HRP will also look at such aspects as competition, impact of the location of our future supermarkets; audit of current workforce, and use this information to fit with companys goals. If we do not consider human resource planning, our business may consequently suffer as We may not create any new customers, We may lose faith of our existing ones by delivering unprofessional, poor service in our new departments; We risk to recruit wrong people; We may hire wrong number of people and affect our labour budgets. These factors will severely affect our business and we may, at the end, give up our position to our competitors. What will be the workforce requirements for each supermarket? The following measures will help us to identify the workforce requirements (Martin, 2009) We need to convert our business plans into future labour requirements. This means, we need to break down projected labour according to their functions in a supermarket, their different categories, skills and knowledge they will need. We need to create a profile of the existing workforce, which means we need to assess the number of the existing staff and their suitability for the future job positions. These measures will enable us to identify how many new people of which categories we will need to recruit for which positions, and what skills and knowledge they will have to possess. Coming to our project of expansion, we will take the following step-by-step approach to identify our workforce requirements: What is our objective? To open 3 new supermarkets four times larger than existing ones. Where will they be located? One in Tooting; One in Clapham Junction; One in Putney. What products will each supermarket offer? Dairy products Fruits Vegetables Canned and packaged products Household products Soft drinks section Frozen food section New departments: Fresh meat counter Fresh seafood counter Bakery What will be supermarkets opening hours? 8am to 10pm. How many people do we need? The staff will work in two shifts: 8 a.m. 3 p.m., and 3 p.m. 10 p.m. On each shift we would consider to have: 1 Butcher 1 Fishmonger 2 people to fill up shelves (one of which will also check out customers in busy times, or if the cashier needs five minutes break); 1 Cashier 2 people in the bakery Supervisor (who will be in charge for other shops as well). Total number of staff per shift: +8. What are the requirements for each category of staff? Requirements Qualities Butcher Fishmonger: Good knowledge of the products they sell (names, characteristics of the meat, etc.); Knowledge of different recipes and methods of cooking of meat; Good communication skills; Previous experience is preferable. Passionate about their jobs; Friendly; Able to show own initiative (by suggesting to customers different ways of cooking, for example); Confident. Cashier: (also the person who will look after shelves and assist customers) Knowledge of basic arithmetic; Skill in handling cash; Good communication skills; No previous experience required. Friendly; Helpful; Trustworthy; Thorough (able to rotate the products according to their shelf-life); Able to handle difficult situations. Baker: Prior work experience required. Passionate about their job; Able to work under pressure. Supervisor: Ability to manage team; Knowledge of marketing; Ability to coordinate orders and deliveries; Good eye for detail; Accountability for stock; Prior experience required. Passionate and dedicated; Friendly and approachable; Responsible; Multitask; Confident. What is our existing workforce profile? We have currently two existing shops with the total number of staff of 5 people, from which 3 sales persons (rotating between two shops Catherina Pacetti, Victoria Smith and Rashid Malik), 1 person in charge for stocks and deliveries for both shops (Alex Carter), and Jennifer Carter, responsible for all paper works. How will we plan our human resources? The diagram in the Appendix represents our suggested plan for staffing: Catherina, Victoria and Rashid will be transferred to new sites as Head Sales Assistants. Each will train other 2 newly-hired people for Sales person/Cashier positions. 2 new experienced sales staff will be recruited for our existing shops. We have to recruit 6 experienced Fishmongers and 6 Butchers for our new sites, as well as 2 Bakers for each of new supermarkets. As the volume of work will increase, Alex and Jennifer will need assistants. Therefore, we have the demand for 1 person to assist Jennifer in the office, and 1 Supervisor in charge of our existing shops, who will report to Alex Carter, Head Manager/Supervisor. Total number of staff to recruit: 28, of which 1 Assistant for Jennifer 1 Supervisor to report to Alex Carter 6 Butchers 6 Fishmongers 6 Bakers 8 Sales/Cashier people. How human resource planning will contribute to organisations objectives? Provided that we: Regard people as a source of competitive advantage Plan human resources carefully Recruit right people for the right positions Give necessary training to our staff Respect the needs of our employees and treat them fairly Appraise their contribution by giving feedback or reward We can achieve a healthy organisational culture. This strategy will ensure that our employees are satisfied about their jobs, provide high quality customer service, are committed and motivated to achieve our organisational targets. Overall, our human resource planning strategy will contribute to our companys objectives for becoming a strong competitor for other grocery supermarkets, and thriving by making good profits. Why should we have human resource policies in our organisation? We should have HR policies for the following reasons: It would show the compliance of our organisation with law; A clear relationship between our organisation and our employees would be established; Employees would know their rights and what to expect from us; There would be a solid base for all employees to be treated equally; A distinction between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour would be drawn; All procedures and processes of employment would be clearly defined; HR policies would create our organisational culture: such policies as recruitment, retention, pay, holidays, reward, would show how we value our employees; If we have HR policies, we will be prepared to take actions if some difficult situations arise, and resolve problems according to the legislation. All the above create a legal framework within which Human Resource operates and develops a good practice. What will be the impact of employment legislation on human resource policies in our organisation? When designing our organisations HR policies, we need to take account of the existing law and employment regulations that apply to us. Different aspects of HRM, such as employment rights and responsibilities, contractual term and conditions, data protection, pay, health and safety, discrimination issues, are already covered by the legislation. Thus, we need to design HR policies that would meet our organisations objectives and reflect existing human resources laws. The following are the examples of regulations, which our HR policies and procedures will be based upon: Employment Right Act 1996 Health and safety at Work Act 1974 National Minimum Wage Act 1998 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 The Race Relations Act 1976, and others. These primary legislation documents will help us to shape our HRM policies and practices such as Recruitment strategy and practice, selection techniques, retention; Pay and benefits (pay systems, holidays, pension arrangements, sickness and sick pay, maternity rights and benefits); Equal opportunities (sex, race, disability discriminations); Training and development (induction and mandatory training, appraisal and performance management); Employee relations (disciplinary, grievance and dispute procedures); Redundancy and reorganisation (handling redundancies, reorganisation and managing internal change); Health and safety and risk management (the enforcement and management of health and safety at work). CONCLUSION To conclude, if we are to expand our business even further, satisfy our customers needs and make good profits, we have to practice strategic human resource planning and implement HR policies and systems. We believe this will enable us to have right, dedicated and motivated employees that will provide excellent customer service and contribute to meeting our companys overall objectives.

Psychosis in Children

Psychosis in Children Psychotic disorders in children are not common, however it is generally agreed that its prevalence increases during adolescence. The prevalence of psychosis in 13 to 19-year-olds was reported to be 0.54%, increasing from 0.9 per 10 000 at age 13 years to 17.6 per 10 000 at 18 years.8 Among adults with schizophrenia, 5% of them report onset of psychosis before the age of 15 years old and 20% of them have their onset before the age of 20 years old.9,10 Nevertheless, psychotic disorders in adolescence often mark the beginning of a lifetime contact with mental health services. Psychotic disorders in adolescence can pose not only diagnostic and treatment challenges, but also difficulties to the adolescent as well as their families. As can be seen in MLS’s case, there were challenges since the initial onset of symptoms including diagnostic uncertainties, difficulties faced by MLS and his parents due to the uncertainty in diagnosis which then led to worsening of symptoms and a rehospitalisation. In addition, the onset of symptoms at the age of 17 would be of significance for MLS as this is the age where several important life events would take place such as the major school examinations Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia, which may determine his academic and occupational future, in addition to other important life transitions such as having a relationship with the opposite sex, completing school and making a decision regarding the next step in his life such as whether or not to pursue further education. As such, accurate and early diagnosis, with appropriate tre atment is of utmost importance to ensure achievement of remission and to minimize any disabilities. Though schizophrenia in prepubertal children is rare, the prevalence of schizophrenia in adolescents is approximately 1 to 2 per 1,000, with an estimated ratio of 1.67 boys to 1 girl. The rate of onset is reported to increase during adolescence, and while the onset of illness is usually insidious, it may occur suddenly in a previously well child, such as in MLS’s case. Multiple aetiological factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia, including genetic, neurodevelopmental, as well as environmental risk factors.11 There is a family history of psychiatric illness among 2 of MLS’s paternal relatives and although their diagnoses could not be ascertained, it is likely that his paternal uncle had suffered from a psychotic illness in the past from the description given. This contributes to genetic loading which poses as a risk factor for the development of MLS’s illness. Another significant finding is that child and adolescent-onset schizophrenia is associated with premorbid developmental and social impairments. Some children and adolescents with schizophrenia are premorbidly more likely to have lower intelligence quotient, social withdrawal, isolation, poor peer relationships, excessive anxiety and academic trouble as compared to adult-onset schizophrenia, while some others may have histories of delayed motor or language milestones similar to some symptoms of autistic disorder. 12,13 A study on child and adolescent-onset psychoses found significant difficulties in social development affecting ability to make and keep friends in a third of cases with schizophrenia.14 MLS had poor eye contact as a child and although he did not have any other features of autism, he appears to be more socially reserved, having only few friends. This puts him at risk of developing schizophrenia, however whether premorbid impairments pose as a risk or precursor of psychos is remains a question. These premorbid impairments may be a causative factor for psychosis, or on the other hand, could be markers of an underlying neuropathological process which may be the cause of both the premorbid social impairment and psychosis. In addition, MLS had reported seeing shadows on a few occasions during childhood, at age 10 and 12 years old. An association between self-reported psychotic symptoms during childhood and later schizophrenia has been found.4 A 15-year longitudinal cohort study demonstrated a very high risk of schizophreniform disorder at age 26 among individuals who reported psychotic symptoms at the age of 11 with an odds ratio of 16. 42% of the schizophreniform cases at age 26 reported one or more psychotic symptoms at age 11 years, including hallucinatory experiences and delusional beliefs. The individuals who reported the psychotic symptoms at age 11 did not have mania or depression at age 26, suggesting specificity of prediction to schizophreniform disorder.15 Though this study found an association between psychotic symptoms in childhood and later schizophreniform disorder but not schizophrenia, it appeared that attenuated psychotic symptoms contribute a significant high-risk premorbid phenotype. 4 Growing up, MLS’s parents executed different parenting styles towards him. While his father gave him freedom and did not seem very involved in his daily living, his mother was overinvolved and controlling of his activities. The different types of parenting were described by Diana Baumrind in 1966 who introduced three models of parental control, namely authoritarian, authoritative and permissive. In permissive parenting, the parent is non-punitive and acceptant towards the child’s actions and desires, makes few demands for responsibility, allows the child to regulate his own activities and avoids the exercise of control.16 The parent imposes few maturity demands and either indulges or neglects the child’s needs.17 On the other hand, authoritarian parenting is characterized by high expectations of conformity to parental rules. The parent is obedience-oriented and the child is expected to obey orders without explanation. According to Baumrind, both permissive and au thoritarian type of parenting may prevent the child from being able to engage in interaction with people. Children and adolescents of authoritarian parents are tend to have less self-confidence and become socially withdraw, while permissive parents tend to suffer from problems with emotional regulation and self-control, and thus they were reported to be more likely involved in problematic behaviours and aggression.18 In MLS’s case, as MLS’s mother plays a more dominant role in the family compared to his father, her authoritarian parenting had resulted in MLS becoming more socially withdrawn, mostly staying at home with few friends. More importantly, this had resulted in a lack of bonding between MLS’s mother and himself. MLS had started to develop symptoms of unusual behaviour 3 days after being discharged from Klang Hospital for dengue fever, in addition to being socially withdrawn and deterioration in functioning. Though MLS seemed preoccupied when admitted to University Malaya Medical Centre the first time, he was unable to describe any positive symptoms of psychosis until the second admission when he had developed auditory hallucinations, persecutory delusion and thought echo. It has been reported that children and adolescents with psychosis can typically present with a prodromal period characterized by deterioration in personal functioning and negative symptoms such as concentration and memory problems, unusual behaviour, bizarre perceptual experiences, social withdrawal, apathy and reduced interest in daily activities, some of which are observed in MLS’s case. These symptoms may follow an acute period of stress or a physical illness, which was dengue fever in MLS’s case.19 Frank p sychosis develops within 12 months of symptom onset in 40% of patients20, and this prolonged duration of prodromal period may affect school performance as well as delay the diagnosis of psychosis or schizophrenia, but for MLS the psychotic symptoms developed much earlier. The acute episode which follows the prodromal period is usually characterize by positive symptoms of hallucinations and delusions, which may lead to a sense of fear of puzzlement during the period of delusional mood. As perceptual disturbances may be new experiences for children or adolescent, they may be distressed or confused, as can be observed in MLS who appeared confused and preoccupied, and may subsequently develop secondary delusional belief such as being replaced with doubles when they experience themselves or family members as being unfamiliar. As for MLS, the lumbar puncture performed on him in the neuromedical ward may have strengthened the persecutory delusion where he started to believe that someone intentionally removed a bone from his spine and further persecutory delusion such as the belief that people wanted to poison his food in the ward. A detailed assessment including thorough history and physical examination as well as diagnostic workups need to be performed as psychosis in childhood and adolescence may result from an organic cause such as infection as well as neurological, autoimmune, endocrine or metabolic conditions. Neuropsychiatric conditions such as encephalitis, temporal lobe epilepsy, cerebral lupus, drug intoxication as well as neurodegenerative illnesses such as Wilson’s disease need to be ruled out particularly when there are neurological signs or fluctuating levels of consciousness, in which blood tests, computed tomography (CT) scan, MRI or electroencephalography (EEG) may be helpful.19 As for MLS, organic workup was performed during both the admissions to UMMC due to the acute onset of abnormal behaviour and presentation after dengue fever during the first admission, as well as an episode of recorded fever and confusion during the second admission. MLS was investigated for post-dengue encephalitis during the first admission to UMMC. Dengue viral infection can present with varying clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infection to life threatening haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Apart from the cmp renal and hepatic dysfunction, dengue fever can present with neurological complications including dengue encephalopathy, encephalitis, neuromuscular complications as well as neuro-ophthalmic involvement in 4-5% of confirmed dengue cases.21 While the more common symptoms of encephalitis include headache, disorientation and seizures, neuropsychiatric symptoms such as psychosis, mania and dementia have been reported as post-infectious sequelae.22 A case report in 2013 described a 12-year old boy who presented with behavioural change characterized by emotional lability, dependence, alteration in rhythm of language and tone voice, anxiety and change in tastes in addition to fever, severe headache, seizures and vomi ting. Though magnetic resonance and computed tomography showed no brain changes, serology for dengue was positive for both IgM and IgG and cerebrospinal fluid revealed high protein levels and increased lymphocytes. The boy had improved with risperidone, but behavioural symptoms were still reported to be present 60 days later. 23 Another author reported a 21-year old man who developed an episode of classical manic symptoms including overactivity, excessive talking, argumentativeness, irritability, grandiosity, abusiveness and decreased need for sleep on the 6th day of dengue illness with thrombocytopenia, and was successfully treated with carbamazepine and haloperidol.24 The diagnosis of dengue encephalitis may be made either by detection of virus or antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid, but the absence of antibodies will not rule out encephalitis. MRI, the modality of choice of brain imaging, may show findings consistent with viral encephalitis such as cerebral oedema, white matter changes, brain atrophy and necrosis.25 In MLS’s case, there was no evidence suggestive of infection in his blood or cerebrospinal fluid tests, while blood imaging and electroencephalography did not reveal any significant findings. This points against the diagnosis of post-dengue encephalitis, although the investigations done by the neuromedical team during both admissions were justified and thorough. The management of adolescent psychotic disorder encompasses many aspects and should take into consideration a risk assessment to self and others, mental state, insight into illness, likely adherence to treatment as well as level of support available, in addition to any predisposing, precipitating, maintaining and protective factors. As children and adolescents with psychosis or schizophrenia and their families may experience significant distress, it is important to engage both the young person and their parents or carers in the management of their illness, which is the foundation of subsequent pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. The Early Pyschosis Declaration emphasizes the reduction of long delays that families face by services working better together and earlier to meet needs of young people and their parents. Among the issues that need to be considered in the management of children and adolescents with psychotic disorder include the normal developmental tasks of adole scents, effectiveness and safety of particular treatments as well as offering service and information to parents about costs and benefits of any recommended treatment. Psychoeducation for the young person and their families is important, such as in MLS’s case as his parents have limited awareness of mental illness and had missed MLS’s initial psychiatric appointment as they thought that he was well when he was still preoccupied and had started to develop positive psychotic symptoms. Explanation about the illness, guidance as well as involving family members in treatment decisions are important in ensuring compliance and continuity of care particularly as the young person such as MLS transits from adolescence to early adulthood.19 Though it is recommended that psychosocial and other benign options should be employed before considering medication, pharmacological treatment such as antipsychotics has been more widely used in recent times. Though there are few benefits of second generation antipsychotics over first generation antipsychotics in efficacy in treating early-onset schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, the former is less likely to cause side effects of extrapyramidal symptoms but at the same time are associated with weight gain, metabolic problems and risk of diabetes, as part of the findings from the treatment of early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders study (TEOSS).26 As such, it has been recommended that lifestyle and dietary advise should be given in addition to side effect monitoring when initiating an antipsychotic medication.27 Though antipsychotic medication is effective in reducing positive psychotic symptoms, with a modest effect size of 0.2 to 0.3, there is limited evidence for antipsychotic treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia in young people, with only minimal differences in efficacy found among the different antipsychotics but with large differences in side effect profiles.28 A Cochrane review of antipsychotic medication used in children below age 13 years with childhood-onset schizophrenia found inconclusive evidence regarding the effects of antipsychotic medication for early-onset schizophrenia, with clozapine showing benefits over haloperidol in treatment resistant schizophrenia but were offset by risk of serious adverse effects.29 Another meta-analysis on the efficacy, safety and tolerability of antipsychotics in adolescents aged 13 to 17 years with schizophrenia demonstrated that antipsychotic treatment with risperidone, olanzapine or aripiprazole resulted in significant improvement in sympt omatology, and that treatment with 10mg daily dose of aripiprazole was associated with the lowest incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms with no significant weight gain.30 However, most antipsychotic medications have not been approved to treat early-onset schizophrenia as they have not been tested in the younger individuals. In Europe, aripiprazole and more recently paliperidone which was approved the use in adolescent schizophrenia, while aripiprazole, olanzapine, paliperidone, risperidone and quetiapine are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States for the treatment of early-onset schizophrenia in individuals aged 13 to 17 years old.31 Antipsychotic treatment was started for MLS due to the severity of the psychotic symptoms as well as the risk of harm to self and others. As he had developed side effects of sedation with a low dose of risperidone, it was changed to aripiprazole, which was then switched to olanzapine when he did not respond to aripiprazol e at a dose of 10mg daily. His symptoms improved with olanzapine and had maintained well with this medication, but he would need to be regularly monitored for weight gain and metabolic side effects. As he had started to experience weight gain, dietary advice was given and continuation of active lifestyle and exercise which he was beginning to engage in was encouraged. Psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy have been studied and found that cognitive behavioural therapy can be possibly used to reduce the strength of delusional beliefs as well as to reduce the likelihood of relapse among young individuals with first episode of psychosis. In addition cognitive remediation therapy, art therapy as well as structured employment approaches are being developed and evaluated.19 Family intervention adapted for the developmental needs of adolescents aiming to reduce criticism and hostility towards the adolescent may also be helpful.31 In MLS’s case, a lesser overinvolvement by his mother was encouraged as overprotection and emotional overinvolvement are associated with high expressed emotion, which are in turn associated with a high relapse rate among patients with schizophrenia. More importantly for MLS is the return of functioning and continuation of schooling as this is his final year of secondary education and also the year in which he is bound to sit for the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia examinations. It may be a stressful situation for MLS going back to school after a duration of 2 months of not attending school, in addition to the stress of catching up with studies, preparing for exams as well as possible stigma from others in school. It is important for school staff to support young individuals with psychosis or schizophrenia in school as they may feel distressed by their psychotic symptoms which may be worsened by responses of those around them, particularly if they get mocked or bullied by others. In addition, exposure to environments or classes with high levels of expressed emotion should be minimised as they are known to increase the risk of relapse but at the same time provide opportunities for social interaction with others.19 As there is a risk of future relapse with ongoing stressors such as sitting for examinations, expanding academic and career capabilities as well as undergoing the transition from adolescence to adulthood, ongoing follow-up is recommended for MLS. Among the factors contributing to a poorer prognosis in child and adolescent-onset psychosis include premorbid social and cognitive impairments, prolonged first psychotic episode, prolonged duration of untreated psychosis and negative symptoms. Schizophrenia in young individuals typically run a chronic course, with only 12% found to be in full remission at discharge and those with full recovery most likely recover within first 3 months of onset of psychosis.19 Nevertheless young individuals who do not undergo complete recovery from the illness may still be able to maintain an acceptable quality of life with adequate support as recovery is a personal process involving finding a sense of self and hope. As for MLS, regular follow-up and assessm ent of treatment needs in addition to return to functioning, prevention of a future relapse as well as continuous support from family members are crucial to ensure a good quality of life as an adolescent and a smooth transition to adulthood.

Recommendations to Grow Joes Landscaping And Equipment Rental Business

Joe's Landscaping and Equipment Rental Business Introduction At 50 workers, Joe's company is successful enough to keep him busy six days per week. Joe seems to be very hands-on, and his daily landscaping and tree-trimming efforts, as well as his renting of landscaping equipment, keeps him quite busy. Joe's company appears to be at a point where his organization is as large as it can get and still be operable with his own set of hands. The vision that is needed must be determined by Joe, himself. Does he want the company to remain small and for him to remain personally involved in the daily tree-trimming and landscaping operations? Does he want to continue handling the renting of his own equipment? Or is he willing to relinquish those duties to others to focus his efforts elsewhere? Vision For the sake of this discussion, this paper assumes that he wants to grow his company. Given that assumption, the first recommendation is that he hire full-time field managers to handle the field work, which will allow him time to focus on managing, sales, fee collection, and other administrative tasks, which he so desperately needs. Immediately, Joe's company faces two serious problems, however, before it can grow. Joe's first concern is employee turnover due to the seasonality of the work. It can be assumed that business is slow in the winter months because of the weather and also because of the holiday shopping season. There is likely not much business to be had and even less need for employees on the payroll. It is not surprising that employees are often forced to quit, completely or temporarily, in order to find income elsewhere. The good news is that with a constant influx of new employees, his staff is being paid low pay rates... ... A. (2005). So you want to get paid on time? Here's how to make it happen. Retrieved November 5, 2006, from http://www.techwr-l.com/techwhirl/employmentarticles/gettingpaid.html Ground Trades XChange (2006). Forums. Retrieved November 5, 2006, from http://www.groundtradesxchange.com/forums/showthread.php?s=ad2c13cf46495c7bfa38b106f3dfa4c5&threadid=2899 Horicultural Business Information Network (n.d.). Landscape businesses. Retrieved November 5, 2006, from http://www.utextension.utk.edu/hbin/HBIN-Landscape.htm My Financial Foundation (2006). Finding the right lawyer. Retrieved November 5, 2006, from http://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/r-article-a-1665-m-1-sc-11-finding_the_right_lawyer-i Pat's Peak (n.d.). Equipment Rental & Liability Release Agreement. Retrieved November 5, 2006, from http://www.patspeak.com/rentform.pdf#search='liability%20equipment%20rental'

Italian Mafia Essay -- History

Italian Mafia The Mafia was first developed in Sicily in feudal times to protect the estates of landlords who were out of town. The word Mafia, derived from the Sicilian word, Mafioso, means family. Today, Mafia is a name which describes a loose association of criminal groups. These groups can be bound together by blood, oath or sworn secrecy. Many people had considered the Sicilian Mafia as the most ruthless mobsters of the twentieth century. By the nineteenth century, the Mafia had become known as a network of criminal thugs that dominated the Sicilian countryside. Members of the Mafia were bound by Omerta. Omerta, an Italian word, stands for a strict code of conduct. The code include avoiding all contact or cooperation with authorities. In the beginning the Mafia had no centralized organization. It consisted of many small groups. Each of these groups was considered as a district. And, each of these districts, had its own form of government. The Mafia had gained their strong-arm by using scare tactics amongst the people. By using these terroristic methods against peasants who could vote, the Mafia used this upper hand in placing themselves into political offices. They would achieve this in several communities. Using this political power in their advantage, the Mafia was able to gain influence with police authorities and the ability to obtain legal access to weapons. Benito Mussolini was the premier-dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943. He was the founder and leader of Italian Fascism. Mussolini, along with his Facets government, was able to successfully suppress the Mafia during the time of World War II. However, after the war ended in 1945, the Mafia emerged and ruled once again. Over the next thirty years, the Sicilian Mafia was not only able to gain control Sicily, but all of Italy as well. In the second half of the nineteenth century, America had the largest number of immigrants moving to the United States ever known. There is a recorded three million Irish, four million Italians, and four million Jews that immigrated to the United States during the later half of the nineteenth century. People immigrated for a number of reasons. Many of them dreamed of leaving behind their old worlds. Worlds of oppression, fear, and crime. Unfortunately, this dream was shattered for many of the immigrants. For those who migrated to Chicago, severa... ... the rest of his life in his mansion in Miami Beach, Florida. A great contribution to the Chicago Mafia died alone in 1947. In the early 1980's, the Italian government launched an anti-Mafia campaign throughout all of Italy. Not only did this lead to a number of arrests and trials, but it also was the reason for several assignations of key law-enforcement officials whom were in retaliation. For the past two decades, both America and Italy have been cracking down on the organized crime group known as the Mafia. Criminal activities concerning those involved in the Mafia have declined dramatically. The modern underworld crime of today consists of business men and women with a strong knowledge of computers. Old world ways such as killing, riots, and vendetta have been done away with. Today's "mobsters" are highly educated extortionists dressed in suites. The old ways of organized crime will never be the same again. The desire, need, brutality, wisdom, and style of what we know as the Italian Mafia only exists in books and movies. In my opinion, the time of the Prohibition was, and always will be the most recognizable time of the underworld because of the Italian Mafia.

Escape in Dubliners :: Essays Papers

Escape in Dubliners In the novel Dubliners, James Joyce uses fictional stories to portray the society of Ireland during the early 1900’s. This was a time in Ireland when the attitudes of the Irish were negative and the society was regressing, and Joyce used these characteristics to illustrate the faults of the Irish people. He is able to accomplish this through the use of many different literary themes, which are used to show the humanity of the Irish people. The theme of journeys of escape is evident in many stories and is closely related to the humanities theme of autonomy and responsibility. Through their everyday experiences, the characters have to deal with many situations that deal with their responsibilities to society and feelings of self sufficiency. These themes are especially evident in the stories "An Encounter" and "The Dead" as the characters in each desire for escape from their current lives and situations. The story "An Encounter" is about two school children who take a day off fr om class to escape their boring everyday lives and journey outside Dublin. "The Dead," the Dubliners longest story, consists of many different interactions between characters at a party. In these two stories the characters attempt to escape their responsibilities in life and journey away from the life that is holding them back. The journeys in these stories represent the characters searching for something that will provide excitement and enjoyment in their life. In the beginning of "The Dead" a vast assortment of people are arriving at the annual Morkan’s dance. This dance is an event put on every year and all who are invited usually attend because everyone always has a very good time. During this time jobs were scarce and money was hard to come by so the people had difficult lives with the responsibility of providing the necessities for their families. The party gives the characters one night away from their every day lives to enjoy themselves and forget about all their responsibilities and troubles. The party provides this escape through a good meal, dancing, music, and simply a chance to interact with different people. This evening symbolizes that the Irish people did not have exciting social lives and probably spent most of their time and energy at work. The boys in "An Encounter" search for excitement in a different aspect than the social one of "The Dead". The boys around the neighborhood simulate the days of the Wild West everyday after school to provide excitement and fun in their lives.

Effectiveness of International Law

Introduction This essay will focus on international law being an effective tool for the resolution of international disputes. Timely resolutions and unbiased resolutions are factors that determine effective dispute resolution. The definition and concept of international law, effective aspects of international law, and certain limitations of international law will be discussed in this essay. Furthermore, case studies will be provided to support the argument and to demonstrate the procedures of resolving international disputes. Definition and Concept of International LawInternational law can be defined as, the universal system of principles and policies concerning the relations between states and international organisations. The overall identity of international law is the United Nations, and they govern international law through legal documents known as treaties. International law is enforced by the United Nations Security Council and the International Court of Criminal Justice. Effec tiveness of International Law in Resolving Disputes International law is expanding over the years as many countries are now relying on it to solve their disputes.Most countries are part of regional organisations, such as the African Union and European Union, which follow the practice of international law . As more countries are getting involved in international organisations, the fairness and reliability of international law can be observed. International law is not forced upon countries. Countries participate in international organisations to ensure stability and predictability in their relationship with other countries. This voluntary participation ensures that laws and agreements made will be fair and unbiased to all participating countries.Countries are not coerced into agreeing to international law. The laws made within an international organisation are derived after much debate and consensus from participating countries. After the agreements are made, these laws are put into p lace as treaties. This shows that international law allows for fair and unbiased resolutions as the laws will be clearly stated. Another positive element of international law in resolving disputes is, international law does not conflict with domestic laws most of the time.Domestic laws focus on the prosperity of the country while international laws focuses on the prosperity of all countries. Therefore, when it comes to resolving international disputes, most countries will accept the decisions made by the international tribunals and the International Court of Justice. International laws also adapt to the changes in society. These changes are reflected on the amendments of treaties. The United Nations ensures that all laws made are fair and unbiased. It also ensures that disputes between countries are dealt in the same manner.This is the reason as to why the International Court of Justice is a separate entity. When countries that are having conflicts approach the United Nations for di spute resolution, they are referred to the International Court of Justice. The International Court of Justice examines all given evidence and they may also start their own investigations when it is required. The diversity amongst the panel of judges within the International Court of Justice reflects fairness and unbiasedness when resolving disputes.The International Court of Justice also allows for countries involved in the dispute to nominate a judge of their choosing, an Ad hoc judge, to seat on the panel of judges. Case Study of the Effectiveness of International Law The conflict between Singapore and Malaysia over the sovereignty of Pedra Branca and Middle Rocks is a good example of international law being effective. This case gives a clear example of how the International Court of Justice deals and resolves disputes effectively. The dispute started in 1980’s when Malaysia published a map stating that Pedra Branca belonged to her.Singapore disputed this, and both countrie s agreed to submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice. The International Court of Justice started their own investigation and the official hearing took place in 2007 under the name ‘Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia v. Singapore)’. After a thorough study of all geographical evidence, ancient title documents and colonisation letters from the United Kingdom, in 2008, the International Court of Justice ruled that Pedra Branca belonged to Singapore and the Middle Rocks belonged to Malaysia.Limitations in International Law There are certain limitations which affects the effectiveness of international law. Firstly, not every country is a member of international law making organisations. International law making bodies will not be able to make laws and resolve disputes fairly if not all countries are part of this process. Secondly, the International Court of Justice takes too long to make a decision. A key fac tor in dispute resolutions, is timely resolutions. If disputes are not resolved fast, the effectiveness of international law will be questioned.Lastly, the decision of the International Court of Justice cannot be appealed. Not all decisions are fair to affected countries. There may be instances whereby unjust decisions cannot be appealed.. Case Study of Limitations The territorial dispute between India and Pakistan is a good example of limitations of international law. This case is a good example of countries that do not actively participate in International dispute resolution. Both countries have claimed ownership of Kashmir since they became independent.However, they did not seek dispute resolution and over the years that tension increased into an armed conflict whereby many innocent lives were lost. The ongoing problem has worsened as Kashmir is now filled with terrorist organisations. In 2008, the United States of America stepped in and insisted that both countries resolve the d ispute. The United Nations did not step in as they were not called upon by either country. Conclusion International law is an effective tool for international dispute resolution as it ensures that laws are made, and disputes are resolved in a fair and unbiased manner.As there are many regional organisations, there are numerous avenues to resolve international disputes. However, the limitations to international law affects its effectiveness. International organisations should take a more active role and emphasise that all countries actively take part in international law to increase its effectiveness. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Jane Stratton, ‘International Law’, Legal Information Access Centre, 2009 [ 2 ]. Ibid. [ 3 ]. Ibid. [ 4 ].William E Holder, ‘Towards Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes’ (1969) Australian Year Book of International Law 102 [ 5 ]. Ibid. [ 6 ]. Pitman B. Potter, ‘Bases and Effectiveness of International Law’ (1968), The American Journal of International Law 63(2), 270-272. [ 7 ]. Stratton, above n 1. [ 8 ]. Ibid. [ 9 ]. Ibid. [ 10 ]. Holder, above n 4. [ 11 ]. Ibid. [ 12 ]. Ibid. [ 13 ]. Ibid. [ 14 ]. James Crawford, ‘International Law And The Rule Of Law’, (2003), Adelaide Law Review 3 24(1) [ 15 ]. Ibid. [ 16 ]. Stratton, above n 1. [ 17 ]. Ibid. [ 18 ].Crawford, above n 14. [ 19 ]. Stratton, above n 1. [ 20 ]. Yuval Shany, ‘Assessing the Effectiveness of International Courts: a Goal-Based Approach’ (2012), The American Journal of International Law 106(2), 225-270. [ 21 ]. Ibid. [ 22 ]. Ibid. [ 23 ]. International Court of Justice, ‘Case Concerning The Sovereignty Over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge’, 23 May 2008 [ 24 ]. Ibid. [ 25 ]. Ibid. [ 26 ]. Ibid. [ 27 ]. Richard Steinberg et al, ‘Power and International Lawâ⠂¬â„¢ (2006),   The American Journal of International Law  100(1), 64-87. 28 ]. Ibid. [ 29 ]. Anna Spain, ‘Using International Dispute Resolution to Address the Compliance Question in International Law’ (2008-2009), Georgetown Journal of International Law 40(1), 807-864. [ 30 ]. Ibid. [ 31 ]. Shany, above n 20. [ 32 ]. Ibid. [ 33 ]. Hans Koechler, ‘The Kashmir Problem between Law and Realpolitik: Reflections on a Negotiated Settlement’, International Council on Human Rights,1 April 2008 < http://i-p-o. org/Koechler-Kashmir_Discourse-European_Parliament-April2008. htm> [ 34 ]. Ibid. [ 35 ]. Ibid. [ 36 ]. Ibid.

Geert Hofstede Organization Culture Essay

I. depth psychologyEvery one of us already realizes and k presentlys that we ar living in a global age. Technology has brought everyone to a greater extent than than scale equal together. This means that multitude of opposite lasts get wind themselves operative together and communicating more(prenominal) and more. This is exciting, save it disregard besides be frustrating and fraught with unbelief. How do you plug into to someone of a nonher culture? What do you say, or non say, to start a conversation right? Are on that designate ethnical taboos that you need to be informed of? Building connections with flock from around the dry land is retributory one balance of ethnic diversity. You will alike need to ingredient it into motivating great deal, structuring projects, and developing strategy. Of course on that point ar so many distrust on our head how seat we interpret ethnical deviations? Are we relegated to learning from our mistakes, or be t here(predicate) generalized guidelines to remark? Fortunately, psychologist Dr. Geert Hofstede asked himself this question in the 1970s. What emerged later on a decade of research and thousands of interviews is a deterrent example of cultural diwork forcesions that has become an internation on the wholey accept standard.Before we talk about the opening further further let us know more about Geert Hofstede deeper. Geert Hofstede, a widely know Dutch research liveer of culture, has defined culture as the joint computer programing of the nous which realizees the ingredients of one ag theme or category of plurality from an early(a). During 1978-83, he conducted precise interviews with hundreds of IBM employees in 53 countries. by standard statistical analysis of everywhere grown selective information sets, he de boundined patterns of similarities and differences among the replies. From this info analysis, he develop five dimensions of culture. In the 1990s, Hofsted e published egresss of his research in subject socializations and Organizations Softw be of the Mind. Initi every(prenominal)y he developed four dimensions in culture, but added a fifth part dimension in 1991. furthermore Hofstedes cultural dimensions theory is a framework for cross-cultural communication, developed by Geert. It describes the effects of a clubhouses culture on the determine of its members, and how these determine relate to behavior, using a mental synthesis derived from f strikeoranalysis.The theory has been widely utilize in several fields as a paradigm for research, particularly in cross-cultural psychology, international circumspection, and cross-cultural communication. The accredited theory proposed four dimensions a great which cultural determine could be study individualism-collectivism doubt liftance queen duration (strength of accessible hierarchy) and masculinity-femininity (task orientation versus person-orientation). Independent research in Hong Kong led Hofstede to add a fifth dimension, recollective-term orientation, to cover aspects of take to bes non discussed in the original paradigm. In the 2010 magnetic declination of Cultures and Organizations Softw be of the Mind Hofstede added a one-sixth dimension, indulgence versus self-restraint, as a result of co-author Michael Minkovs analysis of data from the World Values Survey.Before we endure further, let us contact what is the appellative of culture itself in foothold of Hofstede termination, culture to be mental programming of the mind every person carries within him or herself patterns of hypothecateing feeling and potential playing which were acquire throughout their life epoch (Hofstede, 2005 p4). He identify 3 layers of mental programming that ar individual, collective and universal. Based on these 3 layers he constructed his culture triplicity ( enamour figure 1). The Individual level (personality) is cogitate on the mental programming liquid ecstasy to each(prenominal) person. Hofstede suggests that this level is at l eastern hemisphere partly inherited. The Collective Level (culture) is pore on the mental programming that is learned from others, that is specific to a group of batch. The customary level (human nature) is foc utilize on all humans, and is similarly apparent inherited instincts for survival of the fittest et cetera.Figure 1 Hofstedes Culture TriangleWith access to spate working for the alike(p) governance in over 40 countries of the creation, Hofstede collected cultural data and analyzed his findings. He initially identified four distinct cultural dimensions that served to distinguish one culture from another. Later he added a fifth dimension, and that is how the model stands today. He classd each coun accentuate using a scale of roughly 0 to degree Celsius for each dimension. The upliftedschooler the take, the more that dimension is exhibited in orderliness.The Five Dimensions of Cultu re build up with a large database of cultural statistics, Hofstede analyzed theresults and appoint clear patterns of similarity and difference amid the responses along these five dimensions. Interestingly, his research was through on employees of IBM lone(prenominal), which al natural depressioned him to attribute the patterns to national differences in culture, largely eliminating the problem of differences in caller culture. The five dimensions are1. Power/ exceed (PD)This refers to the degree of inequality that exists and is accepted among the great unwashed with and without billet. Power distance is the extent to which the less(prenominal) personnelful members of organic laws and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that occasion is distributed un equally. Cultures that endorse low advocator distance expect and accept power dealing that are more consultative or democratic. A blue PD score indicates that golf-club accepts an unequal distribution of power, and that bulk understand their place in the system. deplorable PD means that power is dual-lane and well dispersed. It in like manner means that edict members view themselves as equals. diligence fit in to Hofstedes model, in a superiorer(prenominal) PD country much(prenominal) as Malaysia (104), you would probably send reports and to concealment management and sacrifice closed-door meetings where only select powerful leaders were in attendance. PD Characteristics Tips eminent PD * centralise companies. * Strong hierarchies. * Large gaps in compensation, authority, and see. * notice a leaders power. * Be informed that you whitethorn need to go to the overhaul for answers Low PD * flat organizations. * Supervisors and employees are considered almost as equals. * purpose team upwork. * Involve as many race as possible in close making.2. Individualism (IDV)This refers to the strength of the ties populate fix to others within the community. A senior eminent s chool IDV score indicates loose connections. People film large extended families, which are used as a protection in flip for unquestioning loyalty. In countries with a superior IDV score in that location is a inadequacy of interpersonal connection, and little sharing of province beyond family and perhaps a some close friends. A society with a low IDV score would discombobulate square group cohesion, and thither would be a large amount of loyalty and adore for members of the group. The group itself is as well larger and masses take more responsibility for each others well universe.Application Hofstedes analysis suggests that in the primordial Ameri trick countries of Panama and Guatemala where the IDV wads are very low (11 and 6, respectfulnessively), a selling campaign that emphasized benefits to the community or that tied into a popular governmental movement would likely be silent and well received.This talks about how much a society sticks with values, handed-do wn phallic and fe male roles. Masculine cultures values are competitiveness, assertiveness, materialism, ambition and power, whereas feminine cultures place more value on relationships and quality of life. In male cultures, the differences between sexual activity roles are more dramatic and less fluent than in feminine cultures where men and women possess the same values emphasizing coyness and caring. High MAS scores are effect in countries where men are pass judgment to be tough, to be the provider, and to be assertive. If women work outside the home, they tend to have fragment professions from men. Low MAS scores do not reverse the gender roles. In a low MAS society, the roles are simply blurred. You see women and men working together equally across many professions. work force are allowed to be sensitive, and women can work intemperately for professional success.Application Japan is exceedingly masculine with a score of 95, whereas Sweden hasthe lowest measured value (5). According to Hofstedes analysis, if you were to open an office in Japan, you talent have greater success if you plant a male employee to lead the team and had a un algophobic male detail on the team. In Sweden, on the other hand, you would aim for a team that was equilibrize in terms of skill instead than gender.MAS Characteristics TipsHigh MAS * Men are masculine and women are feminine. * There is a percipient distinction between mens work and womens work. * Be aware that flock may expect male and female roles to be distinct. * Advise men to avoid discussing emotions or making emotionally based decisions or arguments. Low MAS * A woman can do any function a man can do. * Powerful and fortunate women are admired and respected. * Avoid an gray-headed boys club mentality. * Ensure job devise and practices are not discriminatory to gender * Treat men and women equally.4. Uncertainty/ evasion Index (UAI)This relates to the degree of anxiety that society members feel when in uncertain or unknown situations. High UAI-scoring nations try to avoid ambiguous situations whenever possible. It reflects the extent to which members of a society attempt to cope with anxiety by minimizing doubtfulness. People in cultures with high uncertainty shunning tend to be more emotional. In contrast, low uncertainty avoidance cultures accept and feel comfortable in un social structured situations or changeable environments and try to have as but a(prenominal) rules as possible. People in these cultures tend to be more prosaic, they are more giving of changeThey are governed by rules and order and they explore a collective truth. Low UAI scores indicate that the society enjoys novel plaints and values differences. There are very few rules, and people are encouraged to depict their own truth.Application Hofstedes ethnic Dimensions imply that when discussing a project with people in Belgium, whose country scored a 94 on the UAI scale, you should investigate the va rious options and thus present a limited number of choices, but have very detailed information available on your hap and risk plans. (Note that there will be cultural differences between Frenchand Dutch speakers in Belgium.)5. Long Term taste (LTO)This is the fifth dimension that Hofstede added in the 1990s, after finding that Asian countries with a strong link to Confucian philosophy acted other than from Western cultures. In countries with a high LTO score, delivering on social obligations and avoiding loss of instance are considered very valuable. This refers to how much society values long-standing as opposed to short-run traditions and values. It describes societies time horizon. Long-term oriented societies sum up more importance to the future. They foster pragmatic oriented towards rewards, including persistence, saving and capacity for adaptation. In short term oriented societies, values promoted are related to the past and the present, including steadiness, respec t for tradition, preservation of ones face, give-and-take and fulfilling social obligations.Application According to Hofstedes analysis, people in the linked States and United Kingdom have low LTO scores. This suggests that you can pretty much expect anything in this culture in terms of original expression and novel ideas. The model implies that people in the U.S. and U.K. dont value tradition as much as many others, and are therefore likely to be willing to help you bring to pass the most innovative plans as long as they get toparticipate fully. (This may be surprising to people in the U.K., with its associations of tradition.) LTO Characteristics TipsHigh LTO * Family is the basis of society. * Parents and men have more authority than young people and women. * Strong work ethic and high value placed on facts of life and teaching. * Show respect for traditions. * Do not display extravagance or act frivolously. * Reward perseverance, loyalty, and commitment. Low LTO * Promotion of equality. * High creativity, individualism. * Treat others as you would like to be treated. * Self-actualization is sought. * Expect to live by the same standards and rules you create. * Be respectful of others. * Do not hesitate to introduce necessary changes.The up-to-the-minute one that has just been added by Geert itself is intemperateness versus restraint (IVR) The extent to which member in society tries to control their thirsts and impulses. Whereas indulgent societies have a tendency to allow relatively free gratification of basic and born(p) human desires related to enjoying life and having fun, vanquish societies have a conviction that such gratification unavoidably to be curbed and correct by strict norms.II. Implication later on the publications of the theory I oddly this instant know the evidence that organization or family are different from each other, we used to believe that deep inside all people everywhere anytime are the same. In fact, as we are gene rally not aware of other countries cultures, we tend to smirch cultural differences. This leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretation between people from different countries. Instead of the convergence phenomena, cultural differences are still significant today and diversity tends to increase. The in order to be able to have respectful cross-cultural relations, we have to be aware of these cultural differences. So here I would like to analyze of those 5-dimension theory of Geert Hofstede and also the affectionateness of leadership in the application of my community, organization, and family. First, regardingto the power or hierarchy, I can see that the organization raze family I had now is got very high score of power or hierarchy. Asian country especially south East Asia country include Indonesia widely known as the east part of the world has very long hierarchy process in organization.It needs to follow so much unreserved rules and regulation that never existed in Hespe rian country. some other thing in my organization or family is centralized meaning the leader is everything the leader in a group or family (parents, father especially) can do what they want. They take control of every exclusive thing and execute all of things that they think it is right to be executed. The leader power here is also get gobs of acknowledgements of power also compensation, authority, and respect in the way they behave in the community. And not many things you can unfeignedly do over there unless you have outdo Harvard quality student of opinion or sight. Second, it is regarding to the individualism. This individualism model can be positive or negative.Its position is more in the between good and bad, depends on the check out that an individual face. Widely known in Indonesia that it has relatively low score. Indonesia as part of the Eastern country world is very low on go about the condition of being individual. It also here in my organization and family whe re the entire member included leader and sub ordinaries are not genuinely independent in terms of individual peoples eye. They here one hundred share have totality in suppress feelings and emotions to work in harmony as well as that tradition are the main raiment of my community to be respected take down it cost slow changes.This thing is also inter-related with showing respect for age and wisdom. Another good thing about having low individualism is the willing of my mates in emphasizing on building skills and fit master or pro of a specific skill on something detail. They also have very high appreciation of intrinsic rewards. Lastly what I have been seeing in the community I have been problematical in that they really support the creation of harmony in the community even it needs to puncture the honesty.Third thing is masculinity. Once over again as the historical and geographical reason of most Indonesian majority is Moslem people which really praise the superiority of men. Same also with the minority, Chinese people of Indonesian really put more eyes on men compared to women. Men in Indonesiacan be give tongue to has higher status than the women. They are different from each other. Both men and women is really distinguish and well defined in work, job, billet, and behavior in the neighborhood. Some people really praise this condition so they really have high prevision on putting men over women which men advised is really being a high terminology on discussing emotion or making emotionally based argument even decision. Fourth, regarding to the uncertainty method, what I face in my organization or family is really in between. I really mean that it is in the middle, not really high not even low. But somehow if it is calculated profoundly I can conclude it is more on the low side with the equality of 6040 for low uncertainty.I can say it is low because there is some in buckram business attitude in executing the activities in family even organiz ation. They act not really formal like in army but it is more enjoyable and fun but still serious. Then another why I say it is informal that by and large the organization mates do not really impose rules or structure unnecessarily. Besides that also can be seen there is minimization in unconditional emotional response by being calm and contemplating situations before speaking. Las thing is people do not really afraid of expressing curiosity when some differences or unconnected concept found. Another supporting condition but not I found which also make the 40 pct disagreement are there are more concern with long term strategy than what is happening on a daily basis and also judge of change and risk.Both thing are hardly founded in my organization, they prefer to be stick on what have skeletal before. Fifth is regarding to the long-term orientation that has been just added by Geert. This condition is 100 share high. Easily founded everywhere not only in my organization and famil y that family, family, and family is based on everything in the society. It should be on the top of priority compared to another element in the society. In the family itself parents especially has absolute power and authority compared another member which also another member without demanded give respect for tradition terms. Another thing that the terms of an individual displaying extravagance or acting frivolously is reaching zero share in behavior action that has high reward perseverance, loyal, and total commitment.This condition hardly leads to strong work ethic and high valued placed on the training and education. Last method is just late developed can be say not really playing important role but worth just aboutto be discussed which is indulgence versus restraint. This is quite high in Indonesia that everyone needs to control desire and also impulses of what there flesh demand. In other word in organization, family, group, and also community that I have been involved in in Indonesia are being super strict to many traditional views of law and norm that exist in neighborhood which also the inheritance of the forerunner created and did. So being totally freedom as in the heaven is hardly found.III. ConclusionThe creation of this theory really become valuable for everyone as there is differences between culture in family and also organization from one and other. Thus people can prepare for it. Another thing of this creation model theory can provide us the chance of demonstrating management competencies such as personal motivation, time management, organization and communication. The knowledge we get also important to evaluate and compare community, organization, management, nation, continent, and an era. furthermore it is hoped that the skill and ability gained from this paper can be added to rich our multi cultural point of view and be useful from high value consulting standpoint.